[NPE] Neurophotonics

Neurophotonics

전기만을 이용해서 신경공학을 하기에는 여라 한계들이 있다. 최근에는 빛을 이용한 접근이 새롭게 나타나고 있다.

Methods for electrical neural recording

Electrical neural recording from brain

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Traditional electrode: microwire array

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Assembly of individually insulated metal wires
Materials: Pt, W, Stainless steel, Indium, Pt/W, Pt/Ir
Problems: only one site per wire, manual fabrication

Silicon-based microelectrode array

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Silicon is the most common material for multichannel neural probes due to the advanced microfabrication techniques.

Limitation of electrical neural interface

Brain 내 one type cell 만을 컨트롤 하고 싶은데 전기적인 방법으로는 그럴 수가 없다!

Electirc vs. Optic

Limitation of electrical neural interface

  • poor spatial specificity (spread of electric current)
  • tissue damage
  • dependence of effective stimulation/recording signal upon tissue (d/t immune system that considers electrodes as foreign body)

Adavantages of optical neural interface

  • high spatial selectivity
  • contact free
  • damage free

Optical neural interface is a possible method for future neural interface

Classification of optical nerual interface

  1. Intrinsic neural recording

    • spectrum measurement of fast optical signal : 세포에 빛을 비춰 투과/산란된 빛은 세포에 대한 정보를 가질 수 있다.
  2. Extrinsic neural recording

    • SPR sensor
    • Voltage-sesitive dye : dye를 세포에 attach 시켜서 세포가 활성화되면 dye가 발현될 수 있도록 한다.
    • Calcium-sensitive dye
  3. Intrinsic neural stimulation

    • Infrared Neural Stimulation (INS)
    • 통상적으로 신경세포는 빛에 대한 receptor가 없으나 infrared의 경우 thermal effect에 의해 신경세포가 반응을 한다.
  4. Extrinsic neural stimulation

    • Optogenetics : 빛에 반응하는 gene을 이식하여 세포 자체의 기능을 변화시킨다.
    • GNRs mediated Enhanced INS

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